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The word 'ethnography' is derived from the Greek
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Ethnography - Wikipedia. Ethnography (from Greek. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study. An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group. The word can thus be said to have a double meaning, which partly depends on whether it is used as a count noun or uncountable.
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In all cases, it should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express a credible reality. An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol- meaning relations, using concepts that avoid causal explanations. History and meaning. Ethnographic studies focus on large cultural groups of people who interact over time. Ethnography is a set of qualitative methods that are used in social sciences that focus on the observation of social practices and interactions.
It spread its roots to the United States at the beginning of the 2. Some of the main contributors like EB Tylor (1. Britain and Lewis H Morgan (1. American scientist were considered as founders of cultural and social dimensions. How To Bypass Adobe Cs3 Activation Keygen.
Franz Boas (1. 85. Bronislaw Malinowski (1. Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead (1. United States who contributed the idea of cultural relativism to the literature.
Boas's approach focused on the use of documents and informants, whereas, Malinowski stated that a researcher should be engrossed with the work for long periods in the field and do a participant observation by living with the informant and experiencing their way of life. He gives the viewpoint of the native and this became the origin of field work and field methods. Since Malinowski was very firm with his approach he applied it practically and traveled to Trobriand Island which was located off the eastern coast of New Guinea.
He was interested in learning the language of the islanders and stayed there for a long time doing his field work. The field of ethnography became very popular in the late 1. Again, in the latter part of the 1. Though the field was flourishing it had a lot of threat to encounter. Postcolonialism, the research climate shifted towards post- modernism and feminism. Therefore, the field of anthropology moved into a discipline of social science. Origins. Whilst involved in the expedition, he differentiated V. Attack On Pearl Harbor Setup.
This became known as . Thilo in 1. 76. 7. Two popular forms of ethnography are realist ethnography and critical ethnography. Characterized by Van Maanen (1. It's an objective study of the situation. It's composed from a third person's perspective by getting the data from the members on the site.
The ethnographer stays as omniscient correspondent of actualities out of sight. The realist reports information in a measured style ostensibly uncontaminated by individual predisposition, political objectives, and judgment. The analyst will give a detailed report of the everyday life of the individuals under study. The ethnographer also uses standard categories for cultural description (e. The ethnographer produces the participant's views through closely edited quotations and has the final work on how the culture is to be interpreted and presented. Critical researchers typically are politically minded people who look to take a stand of opposition to inequality and domination.
For example, a critical ethnographer might study schools that provide privileges to certain types of students, or counseling practices that serve to overlook the needs of underrepresented groups. The important components of a critical ethnographer are to incorporate a value- laden introduction, empower people by giving them more authority, challenging the status quo, and addressing concerns about power and control. A critical ethnographer will study issues of power, empowerment, inequality inequity, dominance, repression, hegemony, and victimization. This data had not been coded at the point of data collection in terms of a closed set of analytic categories. Emphasizes on exploring social phenomena rather than testing hypotheses. Data analysis involves interpretation of the functions and meanings of human actions. The product of this is mainly verbal explanations, where statistical analysis and quantification play a subordinate role.
Methodological discussions focus more on questions about how to report findings in the field than on methods of data collection and interpretation. Ethnographies focus on describing the culture of a group in very detailed and complex manner. The ethnography can be of the entire group or a subpart of it. It involves engaging in extensive field work where data collection is mainly by interviews, symbols, artifacts, observations, and many other sources of data.
The researcher in ethnography type of research looks for patterns of the group's mental activities, that is their ideas and beliefs expressed through language or other activities, and how they behave in their groups as expressed through their actions that the researcher observed. In Ethnography, the researcher gathers what is available, what is normal, what it is that people do, what they say, and how they work. Ethnography is suitable if the needs are to describe how a cultural group works and to explore their beliefs, language, behaviours and also issues faced by the group, such as power, resistance, and dominance. This group is one whose members have been together for an extended period of time, so that their shared language, patterns of behaviour and attitudes have merged into discernible patterns.
This group can also be a group that has been marginalized by society. These themes, issues, and theories provide an orienting framework for the study of the culture- sharing group. As discussed by Hammersley and Atkinson (2. Wolcott (1. 98. 7, 1.
Fetterman (2. 00. The ethnographer begins the study by examining people in interaction in ordinary settings and discerns pervasive patterns such as life cycles, events, and cultural themes. Perhaps how the group works need to be described, or a critical ethnography can expose issues such as power, hegemony, and advocacy for certain groups (Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, 9. Should collect information in the context or setting where the group works or lives. This is called fieldwork.
Types of information typically needed in ethnography are collected by going to the research site, respecting the daily lives of individuals at the site and collecting a wide variety of materials. Field issues of respect, reciprocity, deciding who owns the data and others are central to Ethnography (Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, 9.
From the many sources collected, the ethnographer analyzes the data for a description of the culture- sharing group, themes that emerge from the group and an overall interpretation (Wolcott, 1. The researcher begins to compile a detailed description of the culture- sharing group, by focusing on a single event, on several activities, or on the group over a prolonged period of time. Forge a working set of rules or generalizations as to how the culture- sharing group works as the final product of this analysis. The final product is a holistic cultural portrait of the group that incorporates the views of the participants (emic) as well as the views of the researcher (etic). It might also advocate for the needs of the group or suggest changes in society. It is conducted in the settings in which real people actually live, rather than in laboratories where the researcher controls the elements of the behaviors to be observed or measured. It is personalized.
It is conducted by researchers who are in the day- to- day, face- to- face contact with the people they are studying and who are thus both participants in and observers of the lives under study. It is multifactorial. It is conducted through the use of two or more data collection techniques - which may be qualitative or quantitative in nature - in order to get a conclusion.
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